Figure 2

Mean ± SE of ramet height (A), ramet canopy diameter (B), stems per ramet (C), and ramets per 100 m²(D) for Symphoricarpos orbiculatus plants exposed to three fire treatments in the Grand River Grasslands of Iowa, USA, 2011–2013. Treatments are 1) Patch-burn grazing (PBG) where one-third of a pasture (the patch) is burned and cattle have full access to the pasture, 2) Graze and burn (GAB) where the entire pasture is burned every third year (2012 was the burn year) and cattle have full access to the pasture, 3) Unburned for greater than three years with no grazing. The asterisk indicates if the unburned treatment is significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) than the burned treatments and all elapsed time since fire categories (0.3, 1 or 2 years after fire). Letters indicate significant differences within a treatment (P ≤ 0.05) (lower case for PBG and capitalized for GAB) based on a mixed effects model.