Copper
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Calcium fluxes
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Cold, drought, salinity
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Phosphoprotein cascades, 2nd signalling molecules
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Nielson et al. Nielsen et al. 2003reviewed by Sanders et al. 1999Knight 2000
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Cadmium, chromium
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Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways
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Osmotic stress, pathogen contact
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Activation of transcription factors and stress-responsive genes
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Liu et al. 2010Ding et al. 2009, reviewed in Xiong et al. 2002
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Iron
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pH shifts
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Pathogen contact
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Induction of secondary metabolism
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;Marschner and Römheld 1983Viehweger et al. 2006
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Cobalt, zinc
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Plant hormones like abscisic acid or ethylene
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Cold, drought, salinity
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Calcium signalling, guard cell regulation (water balance)
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Zengin 2006reviewed in Zhu 2002
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Cadmium, copper
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Jasmonic acid
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Pathogen contact, sugar, drought, salinity
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Defence/stress response, development, induction of secondary metabolism
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Agrawal et al. 2003Chen et al. 2006Maksymiec 2011reviewed in Howe and Schilmiller 2002Turner et al. 2002
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Redox-active metals like iron, copper; almost all heavy metals at higher concentrations
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Reactive oxygen species
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Pathogen contact, cold, drought, salinity, high light intensity
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Phosphoprotein cascades, activation of transcription factors and stress-responsive genes, activation of antioxidative defence
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Reviewed in Foyer and Noctor 2005aAhmad et al. 2008
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