Essential oil variation in wild populations of Artemisia saharae (Asteraceae) from Tunisia: chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant properties

Zouari, Sami; Ayadi, Imen; Fakhfakh, Nahed; Jdir, Hamida; Aloui, Latifa; Kossentini, Mohamed; Rebai, Ahmed; Zouari, Nacim

doi:10.1186/s40529-014-0076-0

Botanical Studies

Table 2 Mean percentage of compounds (%) in A. herba-alba essential oils

From: Essential oil variation in wild populations of Artemisia saharae (Asteraceae) from Tunisia: chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant properties

No^a	Compounds	RI^b	1^c	2^c	3^c	4^c	5^c	6^c	7^c	p₁Fisher test	p₂Kruskal- Wallis test
1	cis-Salvene	848	0.1					0.1	0.1	na	ns
2	Tricyclene	919	0.3		0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	ns	ns
3	α-Thujene	924	0.2	0.4	0.6			0.1	0.1	na	ns
4	α-Pinene	930	1.6	1.9	3.2	1.9	2.7	1.4	1.7	ns	ns
5	Camphene^e	946	2.8	0.4	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.5	0.9	*	ns
6	Verbenene	950	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.4	ns	ns
7	2(5H)-Furanone, 5,5-dimethyl-	952							0.1	na	ns
8	Sabinene	970	1.2	0.6	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.9	0.7	ns	ns
9	3-Octenol	972			0.2					na	ns
10	β-Pinene^e	973	0.3		0.1		0.1		0.1	na	*
11	Myrcene^e	986	0.2	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.9	*	*
12	Benzene,1,2,4-trimethyl-	990	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.8	0.3	0.4	0.6	ns	ns
13	α-Phellandrene	1000			0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	na	ns
14	o-Isopropenyltoluene	1009	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	ns	ns
15	α-Terpinene	1013	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.3	ns	ns
16	p-Cymene^e	1021	2.6	1.3	1.3	1.8	1.5	1.6	2.1	ns	*
17	1,8-Cineole	1028	4.1	2.5	1.6	2.3	3.5	1.5	1.9	ns	ns
18	γ-Vinyl-γ-valerolactone	1038	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.4	ns	ns
19	cis-Arbusculone	1049	0.7	3.2	3.0	2.2	3.0	1.6	2.8	ns	ns
20	γ-Terpinene	1055	0.2	0.4	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.5	ns	ns
21	trans-Arbusculone	1067	0.6	2.4	2.1	1.6	2.1	1.3	2.2	ns	ns
22	Terpinolene	1085	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	ns	ns
23	Linalool	1095		0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1		0.1	na	ns
24	Filifolone	1101	1.2	1.0	2.2	2.4	1.9	1.0	1.6	ns	ns
25	α-Thujone ^d	1102	13.0	11.4	0.5	2.1	2.6	20.2	8.2	ns	ns
26	β-Thujone ^d	1117	9.2	4.7	1.3	1.9	2.7	9.9	3.5	ns	ns
27	cis-2-p-Menthen-1-ol	1119		0.1						na	ns
28	Chrysanthenone ^d	1124	4.7	7.7	14.0	14.0	9.9	8.3	10.9	ns	ns
29	trans-2-p-Menthen-1-ol	1135		0.1						na	ns
30	1-Terpineol	1138	0.7	1.5		0.8		0.1	0.1	na	ns
31	Pinocarveol^e	1139		1.0	5.8	2.7	4.3	3.0	3.1	***	**
32	Camphor ^d,e	1147	10.7	0.7	1.2	0.4	0.7	0.6	3.4	**	**
33	Sabina ketone	1158	0.3	0.1	1.9	1.0	1.2	0.8	0.4	ns	ns
34	Pinocarvone	1163	1.3	1.2	1.1	0.9	1.3	0.3	1.2	ns	ns
35	Borneol	1167	1.4	0.5	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.4	0.8	ns	ns
36	4-Terpineol	1177	1.5	0.9	0.7	0.6	0.8	1.0	1.0	ns	ns
37	p-Cymen-8-ol	1183	0.4	0.2	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	ns	ns
38	α-Terpineol^e	1189	0.3	0.1						na	*
39	Myrtenol	1194	0.4	0.2	0.5	0.1	0.4	0.5	0.5	ns	ns
40	Verbenone	1208	0.3	0.4	0.6	0.8	0.4	0.4	0.8	ns	ns
41	Carveol	1217		0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	ns	ns
42	Nordavanone	1225	0.7	0.5	0.1	1.4	0.4	0.2	0.4	ns	ns
43	Cuminal	1237	0.4	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.3	ns	ns
44	Piperitone	1252	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.6	0.5	ns	ns
45	Chrysanthenyl acetate ^d,e	1257	10.2	7.9	21.1	11.5	18.7	9.1	8.2	*	*
46	Isopiperitenone	1270	0.4	0.2	0.3	0.5	0.3	0.2	0.4	ns	ns
47	Bornyl acetate	1281	1.4	0.2	0.4	0.2	0.5	0.2	0.5	ns	ns
48	Sabinyl acetate ^d	1290	7.7	10.8	2.8	4.0	6.2	10.3	10.6	ns	ns
49	Thymol	1301	0.5	0.3	0.6	0.4	0.3	0.6	0.6	ns	ns
50	Myrtenyl acetate	1318	0.7	0.6	0.7	1.2	0.9	1.1	1.9	ns	ns
51	Piperitenone	1344	0.1	0.6	0.1	0.7	0.2	0.6	1.0	ns	ns
52	Norchrysanthemic acid methyl ester	1359	0.5	1.1	2.6	2.8	2.0	1.9	2.0	ns	ns
53	α-Copaene	1372	2.4	0.4	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.7	ns	ns
54	Methyl cinnamate	1379							0.3	na	ns
55	cis-Jasmone	1395	3.5	3.4	2.9	3.3	2.2	2.2	2.8	ns	ns
56	Davana furan	1399		0.1		0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	na	ns
57	β-Caryophyllene	1417	0.2	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.5	0.1	0.4	ns	ns
58	p-Nitroanisole	1450	0.2	1.2	1.5	1.9	1.1	0.4	0.9	ns	ns
59	Aromadendrene	1458	0.2	1.1	0.5	1.5	0.8	0.5	0.6	ns	ns
60	α-Amorphene	1472	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.6	0.6	0.3	0.4	ns	ns
61	Germacrene-D^e	1478	0.8	2.2	1.4	2.4	2.2	1.8	1.4	**	*
62	Bicyclogermacrene^e	1493	0.4	1.7	0.7	1.3	1.1	0.9	0.9	***	*
63	Davana ether (isomer)^e	1496	0.1	1.0	0.6	1.5	1.0	0.4	0.4	**	*
64	Davana ether (isomer)^e	1504	0.2	2.5	0.7	3.4	2.1	0.9	0.7	*	*
65	Davana ether (isomer)	1514		0.9	1.2	0.9	0.6	0.3	0.2	na	ns
66	δ-Cadinene	1518	0.2	0.4		0.4	0.6	0.2	0.1	ns	ns
67	Nerolidol	1556	0.4	0.2		0.1	0.4	0.1	0.3	na	ns
68	Palustrol	1567		0.2	0.1					na	ns
69	Spathulenol^e	1579	2.4	3.0	3.4	3.0	3.0	1.6	1.8	*	*
70	Caryophyllene oxide	1588	0.4	0.9	1.1	0.8	0.9	0.4	0.7	ns	ns
71	Viridiflorol	1593	0.2	1.0	0.3	0.4	0.2		0.1	na	ns
72	cis-Davanone^e	1608	0.3	1.3	2.1	1.2	2.6	0.7	2.8	**	**
73	Isospathulenol^e	1637	0.2	1.7	1.2	1.4	1.3	0.5	1.1	**	*
74	t-Cadinol	1653	0.1	0.3		0.3		0.1		na	ns
75	Vulgarol B^e	1688		0.8		1.0	0.6	0.3	0.3	***	**
	Total identified (%)		96.7	94.4	94.8	92.0	95.8	96.0	96.0
	Grouped components (%)
	Monoterpene hydrocarbons		10.0	6.2	8.3	6.6	7.1	6.5	8.2
	Oxygenated monoterpenes		71.3	56.6	60.2	52.1	59.2	72.6	64.0
	Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons		4.3	6.1	3.5	6.3	5.4	4.0	4.5
	Oxygenated sesquiterpenes		4.4	14.2	10.6	14.5	13.3	5.5	8.3
	Others		6.7	11.3	12.2	12.5	10. 8	7.4	11.0

^aThe numbering refers to elution order of compounds from a HP-5MS column and their percentages were obtained by FID peak-area normalization. The percentage for each population represents the average calculated on five individuals (n = 5). ^bRI, retention indices calculated against C₇-C₂₅ n-alkanes mixture on the HP-5MS column. ^cFor the detailed description of the populations (1–7) locations, see Table 1. ^dMajor compound in bold fond. ^eCompounds with a statistically significant variation among altitudinal populations. p₁: p-values using Fisher test (one-way analysis of variance) applied for normally distributed variables. Fisher test was not applicable (na) for non-Normal distributed variables. p₂: p-values using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test (one-way analysis of variance). p₁ or p₂ are extremely significant (***) at p ≤ 0.001, highly significant (**) at 0.001 ≤ p ≤ 0.01, significant (*) at 0.01 ≤ p ≤ 0.05 and not significant (ns) at p > 0.05.

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