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Fig. 1 | Botanical Studies

Fig. 1

From: Multiple regulatory roles of AP2/ERF transcription factor in angiosperm

Fig. 1

A network model for AP2/ERF genes response to phytohormones and regulating downstream effectors in angiosperm. Ethylene biosynthesis pathway, ethylene signaling pathway, and ripening regulators are indicated by yellow, green, and gray colors, respectively. AP2/ERF family members is boxed and filled with red color. In ethylene biosynthesis pathway, S-adenosine methionine (SAM) is converted to ethylene (ET) via an intermediate metabolites 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxyla (ACC), underlying the catalysis of the two enzymes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxyla synthase (ACS) and oxidase (ACO). In ethylene signaling pathway, ET is firstly combined with ethylene receptor (ETR) to activate constitutive triple response (CTR), leading to expression of ethylene insensitive (EIN) and EIN-induced ethylene insensitive-like (EIL). EIL promote expression of ethylene response factor (ERF), including activator and repressor. The ERF activities are induced by auxin (IAA), cytokinin (CTK), abscisic acid (ABA), and jasmonate (JA), as well as ripening-related genes, such as RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN), NON-RIPENING (NOR), COLORLESS NON-RIPENING (CNR), and Homeodomain-leucine zipper HOMEOBOX (HB-1). Meanwhile, ERF can reduce CTK and gibberellin (GA) levels but increase ABA biosynthesis. In ethylene responses, ERF also regulate ethylene level by enhancing and decreasing ACS/ACO activity mediated by the activators and repressors, respectively. As for effectors of plant growth, defense responses and fruit ripening, ERF can directly medium the expression by binding to GCC-box/DREB element in the promoter, and have the ability to indirectly regulate it, due to few ERFs inhibit expression of RIN, NOR, CNR, and HB-1 that can directly bind to the promoter of effectors

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