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Table 6 Documented dates and regions where Hedychium gardnerianum was mentioned as cultivated or escaped from cultivation [Specimen number]. Lines within each region ordered by the year of column: Escaped from cultivation

From: Hedychium gardnerianum Sheph. ex Ker Gawl. from its discovery to its invasive status: a review

Region

Not mentioned

Cultivated

Escaped from cultivation

 

Year

Reference

Year

Reference

Year

Reference

Europe

 Spain

      

  Galicia: Muros and peninsula del Morrazo

    

2000

Silva-Pando et al. (2009)

Atlantic Islands

Trinidad

 

1864

Grisebach (1864)

  

1892

Caracciolo et al. (1892)

 

1869

Prestoe (1869)

  

2016

Baksh-Comeau et al. (2016)

 

2020

Government of Trinidad and Tobago (2021)

    

Jamaica

 

1864

Grisebach (1864)

  

1893

Fawcett (1893)

Cinchona

    

1913

Goodland & Healey (1996)

Madeira

 Madeira Island

  

1832-55a

Lowe (1857)

  

 São Vicente

    

1894

Menezes (1894)

 Funchal Gardens

  

1914

Menezes (1914)

  

Azores

      

 S. Miguel

1847

Canto (1847)

1851

Canto (1851)

1894–96

Trelease (1897)

 Flores

    

1894–96

Trelease (1897)

Ascension

      
 

1836

Darwin (1845)

    
 

1851

Seemann (1852–1857)

    
     

2004

Fairhurst (2004)

Elliots path

    

2020

Croson (2020)

Cuba

 

1989

Esquivel et al. (1989)

2003

Shagarodsky (2003)

  

Parque Nacional La Bayamesa

    

2005

Sanchez-Ruiz (2005)

   

2008

De Zayas (2008)

2011

Gonzaléz et al. (2012)

Canaries

 Tenerife Island

      

 Orotava

  

1893

Wilks & Weathers (1896)

  

 Orotava

  

1923

Menéndez (1923)

  

 Parque García Sanabria

  

1990

Rodriguez (1990)

  

 Parque García Sanabria

  

2000

Reyes Y Pérez (2001)

  

 Rural Park of Anaga

    

2011

Dela Rosa et al. (2014)

Martinique

 Surroundings of Saint Pierre [P01674257]

  

1853 Reflora (2021) (probably cultivated)

Americas

      

Brazil

Minas Gerais

      

 Ouro Preto [MO1344768]

    

1895

Reflora (2021)

 Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora

    

2018

Tavares-Silva et al. (2018)

Paraná

      

 Antonina (Specimen 32.755)

    

1974

I3N Brasil (2021)

 Tijucas do Sul, Represa do Vossoroca (Guaratuba Environmental Protection Area)

    

2004

Blum et al. (2005)

 Guaraqueçaba

    

2008

I3N Brasil (2021)

São Paulo

      

 Municipal Natural Park of Cratera de Colônia

    

2009

Marçon (2009); I3N Brasil (2021)

Rio de Janeiro

  

1890

Martius et al. (1890)

  

 Andarai Grande [P01674255]

  

1871

Reflora (2021)

  

 Tijuca [R010065496]

  

1886

Reflora (2021)

  

 Jardim Botânico

  

1937

Penna (1937)

  

 Itatiaia National Park

    

2013

I3N Brasil (2021)

Santa Catarina

 São Bento do Sul

    

2019

Meyer and Schwirkowski (2019)

Mexico

Chiapas (Cerro Ovando)

    

1950

Matuda (1950)

Chiapas (Mapastepec)

    

2005–07

Ayuntamiento Municipal (2005/07)

Oaxaca

    

2019

Dirección General de Impacto y Riesgo Ambiental (2019)

Campeche

    

2011

González-Lazo (2011)

Honduras

   

1975

Molina (1975)

2008

Sutherland (2008)

Africa

      

South Africa

 

1898

Baker (1898)

    
 

1991

Macdonald (1991)

    

Kwazulu-Natal

  

1894b

Wood (1895)

1998

Smith (1998); Henderson (2001)

Kruger National Park (Mpumalanga and Limpopo)

    

1999

Foxcroft et al. (2003); Henderson (2001)

Zimbabwe

 Vumba Botanic Garden

    

2004

Hyde et al. (2021)

 Harare

    

2006/2020

Hyde et al. (2021)

 Juliasdale

    

2014

Hyde et al. (2021)

 Chimanimani

    

2015

Hyde et al. (2021)

Swaziland

      
 

1998

Smith (1998)

  

2021

Swaziland's Alien Plants Database (2021)

 Mlilwane Wildlife Sanctuary/islanddweller

    

2021

BioDiversity4All (2021)

Indian Ocean Islands

      

Réunion Island

      

 Saint Denis Botanical Garden

1820/25

Breon (1820, 1825)

    

 Saint Denis Botanical Garden

1825

Breon (1825)

    

 Saint Denis Botanical Garden

1856

Richard (1856)

    
   

1910/11

Commissioner of Agriculture for the West Indies (1912)

1895

Cordemoy (1895)

Mauritius

 

1877

Baker (1877)

  

2021

Mascarine Cadetiana (2021)

Rivière Noir

  

1837c

Bojer (1837)

  

Australia

      

 Queensland, Brisbane

  

1875

Hill (1875)

  

 Victoria, Melbourne

  

1883

Guilfoyle (1883)

  

 New South Wales, Morisset [NSW 687345]

  

1920

AVH (2021)

  

 New South Wales, Ingleburn

    

1968

Csurhes & Hannan-Jones (2016)

 South Australia [AD 281835]

    

2018

AVH (2021)

Pacific Ocean Islands

      

New Zealand

 

1841

Hooker (1853)

1865

Ludlam (1865)

  

 North Island

    

1940

Allan (1940)

 South Island [CHR: 81,349, 481,420; 326,334 A, HO538398]

    

1953/75/77/86

AVH (2021)d

 Auckland

    

1949

Williams et al. (2003)

 Chatham Island [AK307272]

  

Before 2009, AVH (2021) (cultivated or escaped)

Hawai’i

 

1934

Degener (1934)

    

 Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park

(Park residential area)

    

1947

Fagerlund (1947)

 Hawai’i

    

1954

Stone et al. (1992)

 O’ahu

    

1975

Stone et al. (1992)

 All islands

    

1985

Smith (1985)

Fiji

      

 Viti Levu

  

1979

Smith (1979)

  

 Viti Levu: Nukunuku, Nadala and Qaliwana Creeks

    

2002/04

Boseto (2006)

Asia

Vietnam

      

 Ho Chi Minh (Saigon) [CLF082528]

  

1909

IHU (2021)

  
     

1993

Ho (1993)

 Cat Ba national park

    

2012

Tan et al. (2012)

  1. aHedychium sp.; bHedychium sp. from East Indies; cUnder H. speciosum name