Table 7 Present status of invasiveness severity in the regions where the species escaped from cultivation according literature
From: Hedychium gardnerianum Sheph. ex Ker Gawl. from its discovery to its invasive status: a review
Region | Severiry | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
Classification | Classification by the authors | In: | |
Europe | |||
Spain (Galicia) | 3 | Moderate | Ramil-Rego and Vales (2019) |
Atlantic Islands | |||
Ascension | 3 | Present (Flora Guide) | Fairhurst (2004) |
Azores | 4 | Invasive | Silva et al. (2008) |
Canaries (Tenerife) | 3 | Initial state of dispersion | De La Rosa et al. (2014) |
Cuba | 2 | Potentially invasive | González-Torres et al. (2012) |
Jamaica | 4 | Invasive | Iremonger (2002) |
Madeira | 4 | Invasive | Silva et al. (2008) |
Martinique | 2 | Naturalized around the gardens | |
Trinidad | 1 | Present (Flora Checklist) | Baksh-Comeau (et al. 2016) |
Americas | |||
Brazil | 4 | Invasive | |
Honduras | 1 | Present (Flora checklist) | Sutherland (2008) |
Mexico (Mt. Ovando) | 3 | Invasive | Matuda (1950) |
Africa | |||
South Africa | 4 | Emerging invader | Nel et al. (2004) |
Swaziland | 3 | Invasive, potential problem species | Swaziland's Alien Plants Database (2021) |
Zimbabwe | 3 | Naturalized | Hyde et al. (2021) |
Indian Ocean Islands | |||
Réunion | 4 | Invasive | |
Mauritius | 1 | Present | Mascarine Cadetiana (2021) |
Australia | |||
New South Wales Queensland South Australia Victoria | 4 | Naturalised in New South Wales and adventive in Victoria; Potential range Queensland and Western Australia | Csurhes & Hannan-Jones (2016) |
Pacific Ocean Islands | |||
Fiji | 3 | Spontaneous on creeks | Boseto (2006) |
Hawaii | 4 | Invasive | Minden et al. (2010b) |
New Zealand | 4 | Environmental weed; Pest plant | |
Asia | |||
Vietnam | 1 | Insignificant | Tan et al. (2012) |