Table 1 Temporal variations in the soil extractable elements of litchi orchards that were maintained under conventional (CA) and sustainable (SA) agricultural practices

CA1

2.3 ± 1.0^bc

211.0 ± 54.7^b

583.3 ± 143.1^a

160.3 ± 18.5^a

453.3 ± 79.0^a

104.3 ± 47.5^a

4.0 ± 2.1^a

3.5 ± 0.5^b

SA1

1.9 ± 0.7^c

145.1 ± 52.3^b

703.5 ± 371.1^a

195.9 ± 70.5^a

428.1 ± 15.3^ab

114.5 ± 38.1^a

2.9 ± 1.5^a

4.0 ± 1.3^b

CA2

4.3 ± 1.2^ab

251.3 ± 88.2^b

882.6 ± 292.8^a

174.1 ± 29.9^a

419.2 ± 59.7^ab

77.0 ± 42.5^a

5.7 ± 1.8^a

7.0 ± 1.0^a

SA2

3.4 ± 1.2^abc

139.0 ± 47.1^b

614.9 ± 371.0^a

160.7 ± 73.3^a

471.1 ± 21.1^a

73.0 ± 22.8^a

4.3 ± 1.9^a

4.9 ± 2.2^ab

CA3

4.7 ± 1.5^a

543.0 ± 504.3^a

911.5 ± 411.2^a

149.5 ± 16.7^a

378.2 ± 64.6^b

84.2 ± 22.5^a

5.1 ± 1.9^a

7.0 ± 0.7^a

SA3

4.0 ± 1.7^ab

138.3 ± 39.6^b

633.3 ± 387.9^a

144.6 ± 67.5^a

420.5 ± 10.7^ab

99.5 ± 47.8^a

4.4 ± 2.2^a

5.5 ± 2.4^ab