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Table 1 Cambial variants of each species in Taiwan lianas

From: Stem cambial variants of Taiwan lianas

Families

Scientic name

Cambial variants

Acanthaceae

Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims

FD

Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb

TE

Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl

TE

Actinidiaceae

Actinidia arguta (Sieb. & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miquel

RC

Actinidia callosa var. discolor C. F. Liang Feng

RC

Actinidia latifolia (Gardner & Champ.) Merr

RC

Actinidia rufa (Sieb. & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miquel

RC

aActinidia setosa (H. L. Li) C. F. Liang & A. R. Ferguson

RC

Amaranthaceae

Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.) Merr

SC

Anacardiaceae

Rhus ambigua Lav. ex Dippel

RC

Annonaceae

Artabotrys hexapetalus (Linnaeus f.) Bhandari

RC

Fissistigma glaucescens (Hance) Merr

RC

Fissistigma oldhamii (Hemsl.) Merr

RC

Apocynaceae

Alyxia sibuyanensis Elmer

TR

aAlyxia taiwanensis S. Y. Lu & Yuen P. Yang

TR

Anodendron affine (Hook. & Arn.) Druce

TR

a Anodendron benthamiana Hemsl

TR

Cryptolepis sinensis (Lour.) Merr

TR

Dregea volubilis (L. f.) Benth

TR

Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Schultes

TR, FC

aHeterostemma brownii Hayata

TR, FC

Marsdenia formosana Masam

TR

Marsdenia tinctoria R. Br

TR

a Melodinus angustifolius Hayata

TR

Parsonsia alboflavescens (Dennst.) Mabb

TR

a Trachelospermum formosanum Y. C. Liu & C. H. Ou

TR

Trachelospermum gracilipes Hook. f

TR, ES

Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lemaire

TR, FC

aTrachelospermum lanyuense C. E. Chang

TR

Urceola micrantha (Wallich ex G. Don) D. J. Middleton

TR

Urceola rosea (Hook. & Arn.) D. J. Middleton

TR

Araliaceae

Eleutherococcus trifoliatus (L.) S. Y. Hu var. setusus (H. L. Li) H. Ohashi

IC

Eleutherococcus trifoliatus (L.) S. Y. Hu var. trifoliatus

RC

aHedera rhombea (Miq.) Bean var. formosana (Nakai) H. L. Li

RC

Areacaceae

aCalamus formosanus Becc

RC

aCalamus siphonospathus Martius

RC

Aristolochiaceae

aAristolochia cucurbitifolia Hayata

VS

Aristolochia elegans Mast

VS

Aristolochia shimadae Hayata

VS

Aristolochia zollingeriana Miq

VS

Asteraceae

Blumea riparia (Blume) DC. var. megacephala Randeria

VS

Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) Kuntze

IC

Mikania micrantha Kunth

FD

Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don var. scandens

RC

Vernonia gratiosa Hance

VS

Basellaceae

Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) van Steenis

VS, SC

Bignoniaceae

Anemopaegma chamberlaynii (Sims) Bureau & K.Schum

FD

Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-Gawl.) Miers

FD

Cannabaceae

Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr

IC

Capparaceae

aCapparis formosana Hemsl

RC

Capparis lanceolaris DC

RC

Caprifoliaceae

Lonicera acuminata Wall

RC

Lonicera hypoglauca Miq

RC

Lonicera japonica Thunb

RC

Cecropiaceae

Poikilospermum acuminata (Trécul) Merr

RC

Celastraceae

Celastrus hindsii Benth

FC

Celastrus kusanoi Hayata

VS

Celastrus paniculatus Willd

RC

Celastrus punctatus Thunb

FC

aEuonymus spraguei Hayata

IC

Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f

RC

Combretaceae

Quisqualis indica L

TR, FC

Connaraceae

Rourea minor (Gaertn.) Leenhouts

SC

Convolvulaceae

aArgyreia akoensis S. Z. Yang, P. H. Chen & G. W. Staples

TR, SC

aArgyreia formosana Ishigami ex T. Yamaz

TR, SC

Argyreia nervosa Boj

TR, SC

Camonea vitifolia (Burm.f.) A. R. Simões & Staples

TR, SC

Distimake quinquefolius (L.) A.R.Simões & Staples

TR

Distimake tuberosus (L.) A.R.Simões & Staples

TR, SC

Erycibe henryi Prain

TR, SC

Ipomoea alba L

TR, SC

Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam

TR, SC

Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet

TR, SC

Ipomoea carnea Jacq. subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) D. F. Austin

TR

Ipomoea hederifolia L

TR, SC

Ipomoea indica (Burm. f.) Merr

TR, SC

Ipomoea littoralis Blume

TR, SC

Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth

TR, SC

Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl

TR, SC

Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. subsp. brasiliensis (L.) Oostst

TR, SC

Ipomoea quamoclit L

TR

Ipomoea triloba L

TR, SC

Ipomoea violacea L

TR

Lepistemon binectariferum (Wall.) Kuntze var. trichocarpum (Gagnep.) Ooststr

TR, SC

Merremia gemella (Burm.f.) Hallier f

TR, SC

Operculina turpethum (L.) S. Manso

TR, SC

Stictocardia tilifolia (Desr.) Hallier f

TR, SC

Cucurbitaceae

Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt

IC, VS

Gynostemma pentaphllum (Thunb.) Makino

IC, VS

Melothria pendula L

IC, VS

Momordica charantia L

IC, VS, SC

Momordica charantia L. var. abbreviata Ser

IC, VS, SC

Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng

FD, VS, SC

Neoalsomitra integrifolia (Cogn.) Hutch

FD, VS

Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus formosana Nakai

RC

Elaeagnus glabra Thunb

RC

aElaeagnus grandifolia Hayata

RC

aElaeagnus thunbergii Serv

RC

Elaeagnus triflora Roxb

RC

Euphorbiaceae

Mallotus repandus (Willd.) Müll. Arg

IC

Fabaceae

Abrus precatorius L

IC

Bauhinia championii (Benth.) Benth

DX, IC

Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb

RC

Caesalpinia crista L

RC

Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston

RC

Caesalpinia minax Hance

RC

Callerya nitida (Benth.) R. Geesink

RC

Calopogonium mucunoides Desv

IC

Canavalia cathartica Thouars

RC

Canavalia lineata (Thunb.) DC

RC

Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC

RC

Centrosema pubescens Benth

FC

Clitoria ternatea L

RC

Dalbergia benthamii Prain

RC

aDerris laxiflora Benth

RC

Derris trifoliata Lour

RC

aDolichos rilobus L. var. kosyunensis (Hosok.) H. Ohashi & Tateishi

FC

Dunbaria merrillii Elmer

RC

aDumasia truncata Siebold & Zucc

RC

Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. subsp. phaseoloides

SC

Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. subsp. tonkinensis (Gagnep.) H. Ohashi

SC

Entada rheedei Spreng

SC

Lablab purpureus (L.)Sweet

ES, IC

Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urb

RC

Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb

RC

Millettia pachycarpa Benth

RC

Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle

FC

Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC.subsp. tashiroi (Hayata) H. Ohashi &Tateishi

RC

Mucuna macrocarpa Wall

SC

Mucuna membranacea Hayata

RC

Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wall. ex Wight) Burck

IC

Neonotonia wightii (Wight & Arn.) Lackey

RC

Paraderris canarensis (Dalzell) Adema

RC

Paraderris elliptica (Wallich) Adema

RC

Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC

RC

Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi subsp. thomsonii (Benth.) Ohashi & Tateishi

SC

Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr

SC

Senegalia caesia (L.) Maslin, Seigler & Ebinger

IC

Wisteriopsis reticulata (Benth.) J. Compton & Schrire

RC

Gesneriaceae

Aeschynanthus acuminatus Wall. ex A. DC

FC

Heliotropiaceae

Heliotropium sarmentosum (Lam.) Craven

RC

Hernandiaceae

Illigera luzonensis (C. Presl) Merr

FC

Hydrangeaceae

Hydrangea anomala D. Don

RC

aHydrangea fauriei (Hayata) Y. De Smet & Granados

RC

Hydrangea integrifolia Hayata

RC

Hydrangea viburnoides (Hook. f. & Thomson) Y. De Smet & Granados var. parviflora Oliv. ex Maxim

RC

Lardizabalaceae

Akebia longeracemosa Matsum

VS

Akebia chingshuiensis T. Shimizu

VS

Stauntonia hexaphylla (Thunb.) Dcene

VS

Stauntonia obovata Hemsl

VS

a Stauntonia purpurea Y. C. Liu & F. Y. Lu

VS

Loganiaceae

Gardneria multiflora Makino

FD, TR

Gardneria nutans Siebold & Zucc

FD, TR

Strychnos cathayensis Merr

TE, TR

Malpighiaceae

Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz

RC

Tristellateia australasiae A. Rich

FC

Melastomataceae

aMedinilla formosana Hayata

RC

aMedinilla hayataina H. Keng

TR

Menispermaceae

Cissampelos pareira L. var. hirsuta (DC.) Forman

VS

Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC

VS, SC

aCyclea gracillima Diels

VS

Cyclea insularis (Makino) Hatus

VS

aCyclea ochiaiana (Yamam.) S. F. Huang & T. C. Huang

VS

aParatinospora dentata (Diels) Wei Wang

VS

Pericampylus glaucus (Lam.) Merr

VS

Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehder & E. H. Wils

VS

Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers

VS

Stephania longa Lour

VS

Stephania merrillii Diels

VS

Stephania tetraandra S. Moore

VS

Tinospora crispa (L.) J. D. Hook. & Thom

VS

Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr

VS

Moraceae

Ficus aurantiaca Griff. var. parvifolia (Corner) Corner

IC

Ficus pumila L. var. awkeotsang (Makino) Corner

IC

Ficus pumila L. var. pumila

IC

Ficus sarmentosa Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. var. nipponica (Franch. & Sav.) Corner

IC

aFicus trichocarpa Blume var. obtusa (Hassk.) Corner

IC

Ficus vaccinioides Hemsl. ex King

RC

Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner

RC

Malaisia scandens (Lour.) Planch

RC

Nyctaginaceae

Bougainvillea spectabilis Willdenow

SC

Pisonia aculeata L

TE

Oleaceae

Jasminum lanceolarium Roxb

IC

Jasminum nervosum Lour

RC

Jasminum sinense Hemsl

RC

Jasminum urophyllum Hemsl

RC

Opiliaceae

Cansjera rheedei J. F. Gmelin

RC

Pandanaceae

Freycinetia formosana Hemsl

RC

Passifloraceae

Passiflora biflora Lam

FC

Passiflora edulis Sims

FC

Passiflora laurifolia L

RC

Passiflora quadrangularis L

IC

Passiflora suberosa L. subsp. litoralis (Kunth) K.Port.-Utl. ex M.A.M.Azevedo, Baumbratz & Gonç.-Estev

FC

Passiflora vesicaria L

FC

Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthus reticulatus Poiret

FC

Piperaceae

Piper arborescens Roxb

EP, VS

Piper betle L

EP, VS

Piper interruptum Opiz

EP, VS

Piper kadsura (Choisy) Ohwi

EP, VS

a Piper kawakamii Hayata

EP, VS

aPiper lanyuense K.N. Kung & Kun C. Chang

EP, VS

aPiper sintenense Hatusima

EP, VS

aPiper taiwanense T.T. Lin & S.Y. Lu

EP, VS

Polygonaceae

Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn

SC

Persicaria chinense (L.) H. Gross

VS

Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross

FC

Reynoutria multiflorum (Thunb.) Moldenke var. hypoleuca (Ohwi) S.S. Ying

VS

Primulaceae

aEmbelia laeta (L.) Mez var. papilligera (Nakai) Walker

VS

aEmbelia lenticellata Hayata

VS

Embelia rudis Hand.-Mazz

VS

Ranunculaceae

Clematis chinensis Osbeck var. chiensis

VS

Clematis crassifolia Benth

VS

aClematis formosana Kuntz

VS

aClematis gouriana Roxb. ex DC. subsp. lishanensis Yang & Huang

VS, FD

Clematis grata Wall

VS

Clematis henryi Oliv. var. henryi

VS

Clematis lasiandra Maxim

VS

Clematis leschenaultiana DC

VS

Clematis meyeniana Walp

VS

Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. ex DC

VS

aClematis parviloba Gard. ex Champ. subsp. bartlettii (Yamamoto) Yang & Huang

VS

Clematis tamurae T. Y. A. Yang & T. C. Huang

VS

aClematis tashiroi Maxim. var. tashiroi

VS

Clematis terniflora DC. var. garanbiensis (Hayata) M. C. Chang

VS

Clematis uncinata Champ. ex Benth. var. okinawensis (Ohwi) Ohwi

VS

Clematis uncinata Champ. ex Benth.var. uncinata

VS

Rhamnaceae

aBerchemia arisanensis Y. C. Liu & F. Y. Lu

RC

aBerchemia fenchifuensis C. M. Wang & F. Y. Lu

RC

Berchemia formosana C. K. Schneid

RC

Berchemia racemosa Siebold & Zucc. var. magna Makino

RC

aRhamnus formosana Matsum

RC

aSageretia randaiensis Hayata

RC

Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M. C. Johnston var. thea (Osbeck) M. C. Johnston

RC

aVentilago elegans Hemsl

RC

Ventilago leiocarpa Benth

RC

Rosaceae

Rubus formosensis Kuntze

RC

Rubus pyrifolius Sm

RC

Rubus rolfei S. Vidal

RC

Rubus swinhoei Hance var. swinhoei

RC

Rubus wallichianus Wight & Arn

IC

Rubiaceae

Coptosapelta diffusa (Champ. ex Benth.) Steenis

FC, IC

Dimetia hedyotidea (DC.) T. C. Hsu

DX

Morinda parvifolia Bartl

FC

Morinda umbellata L

FC

Mussaenda formosanum (Matsum.) T. Y. Aleck Yang & K. C. Huang

RC

Mussaenda parviflora Miq

RC

Mussaenda pubescens W. T. Aiton

RC

aMussaenda taihokuensis Masam

RC

Paederia cavaleriei H. Lév

IC, VS

Paederia foetida L

IC, VS

Psychotria serpens L

RC

Randia sinensis (Lour.) Roem. &Schult

RC

Uncaria hirsuta Havil

RC

Uncaria lanosa Wall. var. appendiculata Ridsdale

IC

Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil

RC

Rutaceae

Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam

RC

Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC

RC

Zanthoxylum scandens Blume

RC

Sabiaceae

Sabia swinhoei Hemsl

VS

aSabia transarisanensis Hayata

VS

Schisandraceae

Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal

RC

Kadsura matsudae Hayata

RC

aSchisandra arisanensis Hayata

RC

Solanaceae

Solanum lyratum Thunb

TR

Solanum pittosporifolium Hemsl

TR

Vitaceae

Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv. var. ciliata (Nakai) F. Y. Lu

IC

Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv. var. hancei (Planch.) Rehder

IC

Cayratia corniculata (Benth.) Gagnep

IC,VS, SC

Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep

IC,VS

Cayratia maritime B. R. Jackes

VS

Cissus assamica (Laws.) Craib

IC,VS

aCissus pteroclada Hayata

IC,VS

Cissus repens Lam

IC,VS

Cissus sp.

IC,VS

Cissus verticillata (L.) Nicolson & C.E.Jarvis

IC,VS

Nekemias cantoniensis (Hook. & Arn.) J.Wen & Z.L.Nie

VS

Nekemias cantoniensis (Hook. & Arn.) J.Wen & Z.L.Nie var. leecoides (Maxim.) F.Y.Lu

VS

Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch

IC,VS

aTetrastigma formosanum (Hemsley) Gagnepain

IC,VS, SC

aTetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels & Gilg

IC,VS, SC

aTetrastigma lanyuense C. E. Chang

IC,VS, SC

Tetrastigma obtectum (Wallich ex M. A. Lawson) Planchon ex Franchet var. glabrum (H. Léveillé) Gagnepain

IC,VS

Vitis amurenensis Rupr

IC

Vitis flexuosa Thunberg

IC

aVitis heyneana Roemer & Schultes

IC

Vitis heyneana Roemer & Schultes subsp. ficifolia (Bunge) C. L. Li

IC

Vitis sinocinerea W. T. Wang

IC

52 families

287 species

 
  1. RC: stem cambium normal in production and round in conformation; VS: axial vascular elements in segments; IC: stem cambium normal in production but stem with irregular conformation; TR: intraxylary phloem; FC: furrowed xylem of cambium continuity; SC: successive cambia; FD: furrowed xylem of cambium discontinuity; TE: interxylary phloem; EP: external primary vascular cylinders; ES: external secondary vascular cylinders; DX: fissured stem/dispersed xylem
  2.  * Endemic species