Table 1 Morphological characteristics of endocarps and flower parts in Menispermaceae in Taiwan
Characters | Cissampelos pareira L. var. hirsuta (DC.) Forman | Cocculus laurifolius DC. | Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC. | Cyclea gracillima Diels | Cyclea insularis (Makino) Hatusima | Cyclea ochiaiana (Yamam.) S. F. Huang & T. C. Huang | Pericampylus glaucus (Lam.) Merr. | Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehder & E. H. Wilson | Stephania cephalantha Hayata | Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers | Stephania longa Lour. | Stephania merrillii Diels | Stephania tetrandra S. Moore | Tinospora dentata Diels |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Types | Horseshoe | Horseshoe | Horseshoe | Horseshoe | Horseshoe | Horseshoe | Horseshoe | Horseshoe | Horseshoe | Horseshoe | Horseshoe | Horseshoe | Horseshoe | Straight |
Surface | Rugose | Reticulated | Reticulated | Scabrid | Scabrid | Scabrid | Scabrid | Short ridges | Excavated | excavated | Excavated | Excavated | Excavated | Scabrid |
Length (mm) | 3.4–3.5 | 4.3–5.2 | 3.1–3.8 | 2.7–2.9 | 4.2–4.8 | 4.1–4.2 | 4.5–6.3 | 5.1–5.5 | 4.7–5.7 | 5.0–5.3 | 5.8–6.5 | 9.1–10.3 | 4.8–5.0 | 8.0–8.8 |
Width (mm) | 3.4–3.5 | 4.6–5.3 | 3.4–4.0 | 2.7–2.8 | 3.9–4.4 | 3.9–4.1 | 4.5–5.7 | 6.7–7.2 | 4.4–5.7 | 4.8–5.2 | 4.9–5.4 | 8.5–9.2 | 4.3–4.5 | 6.9–7.2 |
Thick (mm) | 1.8–1.9 | 3.6–4.2 | 2.2–2.5 | 2.1–2.2 | 2.2–2.7 | 1.8–2.2 | 2.1–2.3 | 2.1–2.3 | 2.4–2.9 | 2.2–2.5 | 2.3–2.7 | 3.3–4.5 | 1.7–1.9 | 5.7–5.9 |
Lateral view | ||||||||||||||
Row of ridges | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2–3 |
Number of transverse ridges | Obscure | Obscure | 9 | – | – | – | – | 30 | 12 | – | – | – | 17 | – |
Number of transverse strips | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9 | 10 | 14 | – | – |
Number of spines | – | – |  | 15, 17 | 15, 23 | 13, 13 | 15, 20 | – | – | – | – | – | – | Obscure |
Perforated | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0/1 | 1 | 0/1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Chamber | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Vascular trace | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aperture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Condyle | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Limbs | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Dorsal view | ||||||||||||||
Row of ridges | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Number of spines | – | – | – | 17, 17 | 25, 25 | 17, 17 | 20, 20 | 27 | – | – | – | – | – | Numerous |
Number of transverse ridges | 7, 7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12, 12 | – | – | – | 17, 17 | – |
Number of transverse strips | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9, 10 | 10, 11 | 12, 12 | – | – |
Groove | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ventral view | ||||||||||||||
Ventral trace | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Longitudinal aperture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Keeled at apex | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Flower parts | ||||||||||||||
Androecium | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Style position | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |