Table 2 Details of the studied root drug samples (RDS) of the plant species belonging to the family Apocynaceae used in ISM

Asclepias curassavica L.

Asclepiadoideae

3806

Pune, Maharashtra

Asclepias cubensis Wender., Asclepias curassavica var. concolor Krug & Urb., Asclepias nivea var. curassavica (L.) Kuntze

Curassavian Swallow-wort,

Kaakanaasikaa, Kaakatundi

Kaakanaasikaa

 < 10 MT (NMPB, 2020)

Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn. (Ramesh et al. 2014)

Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand.

Asclepiadoideae

2122

Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

Asclepias gigantea L., Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. ex Schult., Madorius giganteus (L.) Kuntze

Madar, Giant Milk-weed, Erukkin veru, Aak

Arka, Alarka, Raajaarka, Shvetaarka, Vasuka, Mandaar, Bhaasvanmuula, Dinesh, Prabhaakara, Ravi, Bhaanu, Tapana

50–100 MT (NMPB, 2020)

C. procera (Aiton) Dryand. (Sarin 1996)

Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand.

Asclepiadoideae

2805

Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

Asclepias procera Aiton, Calotropis gigantea var. procera (Aiton) P.T.Li, Calotropis heterophylla Wall. ex Wight

Swallow-Wart, Milk Weed, King’s Crown, Akada Phool

Alarka, Surya, Suuryaahvya, Vikirna, Vasuka, Tapana, Tuulaphala, Kshirparna, Arkaparna, Aasphota

50–100 MT (NMPB, 2020)

C. gigantea (L.) Dryand. (Sarin 1996)

Carissa carandas L.

Rauvolfioideae

2198

Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

Arduina carandas (L.) Baill., Carissa salicina Lam., Capparis carandas (L.) Burm.f

Christ’s Thorn, Bengal, Currant

Karinkaara, Karamarda, Krishnapaakphal, Kshirphena, Sushena

NA

NA

Carissa spinarum L.

Rauvolfioideae

2966

Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Carissa abyssinica R. Br., Carissa carandas var. congesta (Wight) Bedd., Carissa opaca Stapf ex Haines

Jangali Karondaa, Garnaa

Karamardikaa

NA

Carissa paucinervia A.DC. (Khare 2007)

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don

Rauvolfioideae

1650

Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

Catharanthus roseus var. albus G. Don, Lachnea rosea (L.) Rchb., Vinca rosea L.

Sadaabahaar, Nayantaaraa, Nityakalyaani, Madagascar Periwinkle, Vinca

NA

200–500 MT (NMPB, 2020)

Solanum melongena L., Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (Ganie et al. 2015; Nithaniyal et al. 2016)

Cryptolepis dubia (Burm.f.) M.R.Almeida

Periplocoideae

4088

Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir

Cryptolepis buchananii Roem. & Schult., Cryptolepis reticulata (Roth) Wall. ex Steud., Nerium reticulatum Roxb.

Indian Sarsaparilla, Karantaa, Anantamuula, Medaksinghi, Krsnasariva, Sveta sariva

Krsnasariva, Krishna Saarivaa, Jambupatraa Saarivaa, Arantaa, Shyamalataa, Shyaama, Gopi, Gopavadhu, Kaalghatika

100–150 MT (NMPB, 2020)

Periploca calophylla (Wight) Falc., Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T.Aiton, Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn., Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult. (Khare 2007; Jeewandara et al. 2017; Sarin 1996)

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult.

Periplocoideae

471

Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir

Periploca indica L.

Indian Sarsaparilla, Anatmool, Sariwa, Sveta sariva

Shveta Saarivaa, Anantmuula, Gopi, Gopaa, Gopakanyaa, Gopavalli, Gopasutaa, Krishodari, Sphotaa, Utpalsaarivaa, Kapuuri, Dugdhgarbhaa

500–1000 MT (NMPB, 2020)

Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn., Periploca calophylla (Wight) Falc., Krameria triandra Ruiz & Pav., Saccolabium papillosum Lindl., Smilax aspera L., Smilax ovalifolia Roxb. ex D.Don, Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T.Aiton, Cryptolepis dubia (Burm.f.) M.R.Almeida (Sarin, 1996; Khare 2007; Jeewandara et al. 2017)

Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don

Apocynoideae

2514

Kolkata, West Bengal

Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roth) Wall. ex A.DC., Holarrhena codaga G.Don., Holarrhena glabra Klotzsch

Easter tree, Ivory tree, Tellicherry Bark

Indrayava, Kutaja, Girimallikaa, Kaalinga, Kalingaka, Indravriksha, Shakra, Vatsa, Vatsaka, Shakraahvya

1000–2000 MT (NMPB, 2020)

Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. (Khare 2007)

Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T.Aiton

Apocynoideae

1912

Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Apocynum frutescens L., Ichnocarpus affinis (Roem. & Schult.) K.Schum., Tabernaemontana parviflora Poir.

Black Creeper

Gopavalli, Krishna, Saarivaa, Krishna–muuli, Shyaamalataa

NA

Cryptolepis dubia (Burm.f.) M.R.Almeida, Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn., Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult. (Khare 2007; Jeewandara et al. 2017)

Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Moon

Asclepiadoideae

3232

Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh

Gymnema tenacissimum (Roxb.) Spreng., Marsdenia tenacissima Wight & Arn., Asclepias tenacissima Roxb.

Maruaa-bel, Khaarchu, Nishod, Sufed Murva

Murva, Muurvaa

10–20 MT (NMPB, 2020)

Operculina turpethum (Linn.), Ipomoea turpethum R. Br. (Khare 2007; Kolhe et al. 2014)

Nerium oleander L.

Apocynoideae

541

Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

Nerium indicum Mill., Nerium japonicum Gentil., Nerium latifolium Mill.

Indian oleander, White Oleander, Oleander, Kaner, Karavira

Karavira, Viraka, Ashvamaaraka,

Hayamaaraka, Gauripushpa,

Divyapushpa, Shatakumbha,

Siddhapushpa, Raktapushpa, Raktaprasava,

Ravipriya

 < 10 MT (NMPB, 2020)

The root bark is known to be adulterated and substituted by stem bark (Sarin 1996)

Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex

Kurz

Rauvolfioideae

413

Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir

Rauvolfia obversa (Miq.) Baill., Rauvolfia trifoliata (Gaertn.) Baill., Ophioxylon album Gaertn

Rauvolfia root, Serpentina root, Indian Snakeroot

Sarpagandha

200–500 MT (ENVIS, 2020)

Rauvolfia tetraphylla L., Rauvolfia densiflora (Wall.) Benth. ex Hook.f., Rauvolfia micrantha Hook. f., Ophiorrhiza mungos L., Clerodendrum species, Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult., Rauvolfia beddomei Hook.f., Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour.) Baill. (Sarin 1996; ENVIS 2020)

Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.

Rauvolfioideae

2078

Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

Nerium divaricatum L., Tabernaemontana coronaria (Jacq.) Willd., Vinca alba Noronha

East Indian Rosebay, Chandni

Tagar, Nandivriksha, Nandi Pushpa

 < 10 MT (NMPB, 2020)

Valeriana hardwickii Wall., Cedrela toona Roxb. ex Rottler (Khare 2007)