Fig. 1

Time-course changes in electron transport rate (ETR), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), and both Fv/Fm (unlit) and PSII efficiency (ФPSII, 2 ~ 60 min) for 6-month (panels A, C, and E) and 2.4-year (panels B, D, and F) old seedlings of Mahonia oiwakensis. During the 60-min of light induction, the measurements were made at 25 °C under 50, 100, 300, 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 μmol m⁻² s.⁻¹ photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Vertical bars indicate standard errors, and each point represents the mean of 5 leaves. Different letters indicate significant differences in the Tukey's HSD analyses at seven light intensity treatments (p < 0.05)