Fig. 3

Composition of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) in qE, qZ + qT, and qI fractions obtained at illumination for 60 min and after 30 min of dark period for 6-month (panel A) and 2.4-year (panel B) Mahonia oiwakensis under 50, 100, 300, 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPFD at 25 °C. Different letters indicate significant differences in the Tukey's HSD analyses at seven LI treatments (p < 0.05). Each point represents the mean of 5 leaves