Table 3 Organs of origin of spiculates in Taiwan climbers

Apiales

Araliaceae

Eleutherococcus trifoliatus

Prickles derived from stems, lateral branches or leaves, prickles have a sharp outgrowth from the epidermis, detachable without tearing the organ

Asparagales

Asparagaceae

Asparagus cochinchinensis

..

Caryophyllales

Polygonaceae

Persicaria

..

Dioscoreales

Dioscoreaceae

Dioscorea collettii, D. cumingii, D. esculenta var. spinosa, D. matsudae

..

Fabales

Fabaceae

Caesalpinia, Mimosa diplotricha, Senegalia caesia

..

Liliales

Smilacaceae

Smilax arisanensis, S. bracteata var. bracteata, S. bracteata var. verruculosa, S. china, S. elongato-umbellata, S. horridiramula, S. ocreata, S. sieboldii

..

Malvales

Malvaceae

Hibiscus surattensis

..

Rosales

Rosaceae

..

Sapindales

Rutaceae

..

Brassicales

Capparaceae

Capparis

Spine lignified, straight, persistent with a sharp-pointed, hardened structure and derived from leaves, stipules, branches or petioles

Caryophyllales

Nyctaginaceae

..

Ericales

Primulaceae

Embelia laeta var. papilligera

..

Gentianales

Rubiaceae

Randia sinensis

..

Magnoliales

Annonaceae

Artabotrys hexapetalus

..

Malpighiales

Euphorbiaceae

Mallotus repandus

..

..

Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthus reticulatus

..

Myrtales

Combretaceae

Quisqualis indica

..

Rosales

Rhamnaceae

Rhamnus formosana

..

..

Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus

..

..

Moraceae

Maclura cochinchinensis

..

..

Rhamnaceae

Sageretia randaiensis

..

Santalales

Opiliaceae

Cansjera rheedei

..

Gentianales

Rubiaceae

Rubia

Prickly and/or longitudinally ribbed or winged, hairs raphide present