Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in plants occurs in roots with the help of some bacteria which help in soil nitrogen fertility management. Isolation of significant environment friendly bacteria for nitrogen fixation is very important to enhance yield in plants.
Results
In this study effect of different magnetic field intensity and treatment time was studied on the morphology, physiology and nitrogen fixing capacity of newly isolated Paenibaccilus sp. from brown soil. The bacterium was identified by 16S rDNA sequence having highest similarity (99%) with Paenibacillus sp as revealed by BLAST. Different magnetic intensities such as 100mT, 300mT and 500mT were applied with processing time of 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes. Of all these treatment 300mT with processing time of 10 minutes was found to be most suitable treatment. Results revealed that magnetic treatment improve the growth rate with shorter generation time leading to increased enzyme activities (catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) and nitrogen fixing efficiencies. High magnetic field intensity (500mT) caused ruptured cell morphology and decreased enzyme activities which lead to less nitrogen fixation.
Conclusion
It is concluded that appropriate magnetic field intensity and treatment time play a vital role in the growth of soil bacteria which increases the nitrogen fixing ability which affects the yield of plant. These results were very helpful in future breading programs to enhance the yield of soybean.
Keywords
Magnetic treatmentPaenibaccilus spCatalasePeroxidaseSuperoxide dismutase
Background
Paenibacillus genus of bacteria was first included in Bacillus genus and then reclassified to a separate genus in 1993 (Ash et al. [1993]). These bacteria found in variety of environments like soil, water, forage, rhizosphere, insect larvae, vegetable matter and in clinical samples (McSpadden Gardener [2004], (Montes et al. [2004]; Ouyang et al. [2008]; Lal & Tabacchioni [2009])). These bacteria are of prime importance in agriculture for nitrogen fixation and industrial importance due to production of antibiotics and enzymes (Mavingui & Heulin [1994]; Von der Weid et al. [2003]). These bacteria produce plant growth hormones, suppress phytopathogens and solubilize organic phosphate (Mavingui & Heulin [1994]; Lebuhn et al. [1997]; Pires & Seldin [1997]).
Nitrogen is very essential nutrient for the growth of plants. So, these bacteria fix nitrogen from the air and provide this nitrogen to plants in the form of ammonium ions or other nitrogenous compounds essential for growth. From this symbiotic association, plant provides some organic compounds synthesized from photosynthesis (Sawada et al. [2003]). These bacteria not only fix the nitrogen but also enrich the soil fertility, increase plant production, and improve the quality, degrade organic pollutants and production of vitamin B series compounds (Sierra et al. [1999]; Agus et al. [2000]). The nitrogen deficiency was recovered by these rhizobia (Fisher & Long [1992]). In this process, plant produced some reactive oxygen species including the hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anion by defence reaction (Lamb & Dixon [1997]; Santos et al. [2001]). So it was necessary to study the rhizobia catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase active changes.
A lot of research showed that the magnetic treatments have certain stimulative effect on crop production and development and, it also affect the genetic quality of seeds ((Zhu et al. [1996]; Liu et al. [1996]; Yan et al. [1997]; He et al. [1999]; Mao et al. [2002]); Jia et al. [2002]; (Liu et al. [2003])). Enzyme as protein with catalytic activity has an important role in the life process, and as a catalyst it was increasingly being attention (Cheng et al. [2007]). Magnetic field on the influence of the enzyme activity has been reported (He et al. [1998]; Li et al. [2007]; Hua et al. [2008]), and this area now attracts more and more people’s attention, but most of these studies focused on animals, plants and very little research on bacteria. So this study was aimed to check the effect of magnetic field on soybean rhizobia isolated from brown soil and their enzyme activities (peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase) under the influence various intensity of magnetic treatment.
Methods
Materials
The Brown soil samples were collected from Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang Liaoning P.R. China. The samples were kept in sterile plastic bags and transferred aseptically to the lab.
Isolation of Paenibacillus
The Paenibacillus sp. were isolated using standard procedures, and were purified by repeatedly streaking the bacteria on yeast extract-mannitol agar (YMA) medium (Vincent [1970]) and stored at 4°C.
Molecular identification of Paenibacillus
Genomic DNA of the newly isolated bacterial strain was extracted by method as described by Ausubel et al. ([1994]). The DNA was amplified using universal primers 27 F:5′ -GAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′ and 1492R:5′ -GGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′. PCR reactions were performed in 50 l volume containing 1 μL template DNA, 4 μL MgCl2 (25 mmol/L), 5 μL 10× PCR buffer (Mg2+free), 4 μL dNTP(10 mmol/L), 1 μL of each primer (10 μmol/L), 0.5 μL of TaqDNA polymerase (5u/μL) and 33.5 μL ddH2O. PCR amplification conditions as follows: Initial denaturation at 94°C for 5 min followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 s, annealing at 55°C for 30 s and extension 72°C for 1 min, final extension at 72°C for 10 min. Amplification products were separated by 1 · 0% agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized under UV light after staining with ethidium bromide. The amplified 16S rRNA gene was sequenced using ABI 3730xl DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA). The sequences were identified based on similarity using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) program National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) online standard (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).
Magnetic treatment of soil
The soil was treated by magnetic field in 100 mT, 300 mT and 500 mT for 5 min, 10 min, 20 min and 30 min respectively. Soybean was planted in the treated soil samples using phosphate and potash fertilizers (75 mg kg−1P2O5;75 mg kg−1 K2O). After harvestation the plants and soil was used to determine the soybean nodulation and nitrogen fixation capacities.
Magnetic treatment of Paenibacillus sp.
The Paenibacillus sp. was inoculated in 100 mL of YMA medium, incubated at 28°C for 36 h with agitation speed 200 rpm. The cell growth was measured by taking OD at 520 nm. After the cell growth, 25 mL of Paenibacillus sp. cell suspension was taken in a test tube and treated it with different magnetic fields like 100, 300 and 500 mT with different time period such as 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 min. Each experiment was conducted in triplicates and Paenibacillus sp. without magnetic treatment was taken as control.
Enzyme assay
The Paenibacillus sp. broth was centrifuge at 5000 × g, 4°C for 10 min. After centrifugation the supernatant was discarded and the pellet was suspended in 50 mmol L−1 phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and then subjected to sonication. The homogenate solution was centrifuged for 10 min at 10000 × g, 4°C. After centrifugation, the supernatant was used for determination of peroxidase (POD), superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. Catalase activity was assay of hydrogen peroxide based on the formation of its stable complex with ammonium molkbdate and the OD was measured at 405 nm (Fang et al. [2004]). One unit of catalase activity was defined as the decomposition of 1 μ mol of hydrogen peroxide per minute under standard assay conditions. Peroxidase activity was determined by hydrogen peroxide-dependent oxidation of guaiacol. Samples were mixed with guaiacol solution (20 mmol/L guaiacol in 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) and 0.03% (v/w) hydrogen peroxide) (Bergmeger et al. [1983]). Increase in absorbance at 470 nm was recorded using UV-visible spectrophotometer. One unit of POD activity was defined as the change in absorbance of 0.01 per minute at room temperature. Total SOD activity was assayed by the inhibition of the photochemical reduction of pyrogallol (PAPG) by following the photo reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (Cai et al. [2006]). One unit of SOD activity was defined as amount of enzyme producing a 50% suppression of PAPG reduction. All the Enzyme specific activity is expressed as U/ml.
Total nitrogen determination
Total plant nitrogen (N) concentration was analysed with Kjeldahl determination and colorimetric method as described by Baethgen and Alley (Baethgen & Alley [1989]). Nitrogen fixed was calculated as the total plant nitrogen content at harvest, minus the total nitrogen content at the start of the treatments.
Statistical analysis
The data obtained after experimentation was statistically evaluated using ANOVA at significance level of p < 0.05 by using computer based programme SPSS.
Results and discussion
Molecular identification of Paenibacillus sp.
The newly isolated bacterial strain was identified by molecular techniques using 16S rDNA sequencing. Product of 1442 bp was obtained after PCR amplification (Figure 1). The sequencing result was compared by BLAST for homology analysis. The isolated strain had 99% similarity with Paenibacillus sp. 9-2AIA (FN397529.1), Paenibacillus sp. Gi-691 (EU497639.1), Paenibacillus chibensis strain ZYb3 (FJ432004.1), 98% similarity with Paenibacillus sp. C-2 (KF479638.1), Paenibacillus sp. CC-YHH111 (JN806383.1), Paenibacillus sp. BM-7 (AY635866.1), 97% similarity with Paenibacillus sp. E18 (FJ899682.1), Paenibacillus sp. D27 (KF479657.1), Paenibacillus favisporus isolate MKI10 (EF173324.1) and 96% similarity with Paenibacillus rhizosphaerae strain CECAP16 (AY751755.1) and Paenibacillus sp. SSG-1 (KF750627.1) as shown in phylogenetic tree (Figure 2).
Figure 1
Amplified product of 16S rDNA from newly isolated bacterial species.
Figure 2
Neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences (1442 bp) of newly isolatedPaenibacillussp. compared with the sequence of standard strains. The bar represents a 0.002% of nucleotide variance.
Effect of magnetic field treated soil soybean nodular and nitrogen fixation
The soybean was planted in the brown soil treated with magnetic field, and the plants were harvested to measure the nodular situation and nitrogen content. The soybean was planted in the absence of nitrogen fertilizer and the difference in nitrogen content before and after treatment was used to compare the treatment effects. Thus we can use plant nitrogen to respond to the difference in the amount of nitrogen-fixing performance. Results shown in the Table 1 described that the soybean plant root dry weight, effective number of Paenibacillus sp. and total nitrogen content which treated by 100 mT, 300 mT magnetic field in plant were significantly higher as compared to control (CK). Results of this study was in agreement with Jing et al. (Jing et al. [1992]) who reported that appropriate intensity of magnetic field increased 4–5 time nitrogen fixing efficiency of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum 005. High treatment (500 mT) of magnetic field resulted decreased number of effective rhizobia thus leading to decreased total nitrogen content. This low nitrogen content leads to less growth because nitrogen is the main nutrition factor that influences the growth in plants (Marschner [1995]; Barker & Bryson [2007]). Nitrate is inorganic nitrogen which is dominant in agricultural soils and present in three or more times higher than natural soils (Hagedorn et al. [2001]; Owen & Jones [2001]).
Table 1
Effect of magnetic field treated soil on soybean nodular and nitrogen content
Treatment
Bacterial dry weight
Effective number of root nodule
Total nitrogen
Magnetic field (mT)
Time (min)
Weight (g dry wt pl−1)
Percentage change (%)
Amount (No./plant)
Percentage change (%)
Content (mg/g)
Percentage change (%)
Control (CK)
0.06h
-
7 ± 1.23
-
3.23 ± 0.12
-
100
5
0.20c
233
24 ± 3.47
243
3.46 ± 0.13
7.12
10
0.19d
217
18 ± 1.76
157.
3.51 ± 0.12
8.67
20
0.17e
183
17 ± 1.84
143
3.35 ± 0.11
3.72
30
0.15f
150
16 ± 1.34
129
3.25 ± 0.12
0.62
300
5
0.27a
350
37 ± 1.63
429
4.33 ± 0.17
34.06
10
0.26b
333
28 ± 2.95
300
4.55 ± 0.15
40.87
20
0.15f
150
24 ± 2.58
243
3.58 ± 0.13
10.84
30
0.09g
50
13 ± 1.72
86
3.51 ± 0.16
8.67
500
5
0.04j
−33
7 ± 1.25
0
3.34 ± 0.13
3.41
10
0.06h
0
7 ± 1.13
0
3.25 ± 0.12
0.62
20
0.05i
−17
6 ± 1.13
−14
3.17 ± 0.11
−1.86
30
0.05i
−17
7 ± 1.12
0
3.14 ± 0.13
−2.79
The different letters show significant difference (P < 0.05).
Effect of magnetic treatment on generation time of Paenibacillus sp.
In order to check the effect of magnetic field on Paenibacillus sp. morphology and physiology, all the effects were studied before and after treatment using various magnetic intensities and treatment time. After the magnetic field treatment, Paenibacillus sp. I and Paenibacillus sp. II quantity and generation time were changed. On magnetic treatment, the number of Paenibacillus sp. was increased as compared to control (CK). This effect was changed with respect to magnetic intensity and time duration. Results (Table 2) showed that magnetic intensity of 300 mT had strong effect on the population of Paenibacillus sp. The growth of Paenibacillus sp. was influenced by magnetic intensity and magnetic treatment time. By increasing the treatment time, number of Paenibacillus sp. was increased and further increase in treatment time resulted decline in Paenibacillus sp. growth. Of all the treatment time, 10 minutes of magnetic treatment gave better yield. The generation time of 100 mT, 300 mT magnetic field intensity treatments were shortened as compared to control (CK) while 500 mT magnetic field intensity treatments has no significant effect on the generation time as compared to control. These results indicated that magnetic field treatment significantly enhance the Paenibacillus sp. population in shorter time. Cheng and Yi (Cheng & Yi [2009]) reported that magnetic field intensity of 300 mT had a significant positive effect on the generation time of slow-growing rhizobium (USDA110) and fast-growing rhizobium (USDA191).
Table 2
The magnetic treatment of soybean purification number and generation of rhizobium time influence
Treatment
Paenibacillussp. I
Paenibacillussp. II
Magnetic field (mT)
Time (min)
Number
Generation ofPaenibacillussp. (h)
Number
Generation ofPaenibacillussp. (h)
CK
42
10.0
40
3.9
100
5
65
8.6
75
3.0
10
101
8.2
68
3.1
20
79
8.4
62
3.3
30
55
8.6
64
3.5
300
5
85
8.0
122
3.1
10
127
8.0
83
2.8
20
95
8.1
77
3.1
30
66
8.1
81
3.1
500
5
94
9.6
115
3.8
10
102
9.6
84
3.9
20
86
9.8
82
3.9
30
42
9.7
78
4.0
Effect of magnetic treatment on morphology of the Paenibacillus sp.
The effect of magnetic field on morphology of Paenibacillus sp. was also studied as shown in the Figures 3 and 4. Results showed that morphology of Paenibacillus sp. was affected by magnetic treatment. Only 10 minutes of magnetic treatment time with intensity of 300 mT and 500 mT was studied. In 300 mT treatment the cell becomes thin and longer while in case of 500 mT treatment the cell membrane was ruptured and the cytoplasmic sap was released leading to the death of the Paenibacillus sp. These results revealed that suitable processing time with specific intensity can promote the growth of the Paenibacillus sp. but high and long time magnetic processing inhibited the growth thus leading to the death of Paenibacillus sp. Our findings were similar as reported by Fadel et al. (Fadel et al. [2003]). Various reports suggested that exposure of microorganisms to magnetic field caused changes in morphology and growth (Mohamed et al. [1997]; Gaafar et al. [2006]).
Figure 3
Effects of magnetic fields on the morphology ofPaenibacillussp.
Figure 4
Effect of magnetic fields on the morphology ofPaenibacillussp.II.
Effect of magnetic field treatment on enzyme activity of Paenibacillus sp.
The influence of magnetic field was also checked on the catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity of Paenibacillus sp. I and II. The catalases activity of Paenibacillus sp. I and II were enhanced by 300 mT intensity as shown in Figure 5. Paenibacillus sp. I showed more catalase activity as compared to Paenibacillus sp. II. The effective intensity and magnetic treatment time for Paenibacillus sp. I and II were 300 mT intensity for 10 and 20 minutes respectively. Both 100 mT and 300 mT increased the catalase activity while 500 mT decreased catalase activity as compared to control. The highest growth rate of Paenibacillus sp. I and II was 77% and 95% respectively. These results suggested that magnetic treatment time and intensity had strong influence on metabolic activity of Paenibacillus sp.
Figure 5
Effect of magnetic fields on CAT activity ofPaenibacillussp.I (upper) andPaenibacillussp.II (lower). Error bars indicate SD among triplicates. Stars represent significance level at P > 0.05.
Figure 6 showed the influence of different magnetic field on peroxidase activity of Paenibacillus sp. The 100 and 300 mT magnetic field treatment have growth trend to the peroxidase activity of Paenibacillus sp. The highest growth rate of Paenibacillus sp. I and II was 68% and 203% in 10 min and 30 min magnetic treatment respectively. Both Paenibacillus sp. showed maximum peroxidase activity at 10 min of treatment time with intensity of 300 mT. This activity behavior is almost similar to that of catalase activity.
Figure 6
Effect of magnetic field on Peroxidase activity ofPaenibacillussp.I (upper) andPaenibacillussp.II (lower). Error bars indicate SD among triplicates. Stars represent significance level at P > 0.05.
Figure 7 depicted the effect of different magnetic field on superoxide dismutase activity from Paenibacillus sp. Superoxide dismutase activity was found maximum at 20 min of magnetic treatment with intensity of 300 mT. This enzyme activity also showed the same trend as the previous ones (catalase and peroxidase activity) but here increased treatment time resulted increased superoxide dismutase activity. In all the three enzyme activities (catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) magnetic field intensity of 500 mT inhibited the enzyme activity because this magnetic intensity ruptured the cell shape which leads to decline in enzyme activities. The growth rate at 300 mT magnetic treatment was 340% and 153% for Paenibacillus sp. I and II respectively. So this study was in good agreement with Liu et al. (Liu et al. [1996]) who reported that appropriate magnetic field intensity enhanced the activities of hydrogen peroxidases, invertases, amylases and phosphatases in the three tested soils. Another study also revealed that magnetic field enhances the catalase and superoxide dismutase activity isolated from the roots of soybean (Celik et al. [2009]).
Figure 7
Effect of magnetic fields on Superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) ofPaenibacillussp.I (upper) andPaenibacillussp.II (lower). Error bars indicate SD among triplicates. Stars represent significance level at P > 0.05.
Conclusion
In conclusion the magnetic treatment significantly enhances the bacterial population with shorter generation time. This increased population of Paenibacillus sp. would increase the nitrogen fixing efficiency thus leading to greater yield. The enzyme activities were also increased under the influence of magnetic treatment. Increased magnetic field intensity and longer magnetic processing time resulted ruptured bacterial cell which leads to cell death, thus reduction in nitrogen fixation efficiency. To achieve the better yield, appropriate magnetic field intensity and magnetic processing time is very important for this whole process.
Declarations
Acknowledgment
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40771111) and the Shenyang agricultural university youth fund (Grant No. 20070136).
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Key Laboratory of Preservation of Northeast Cultivated Land, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer, College of Land and Enviroment, Shenyang Agricultural University
(2)
Liaoning Academy of Environmental Sciences
(3)
Bioscience and Biotechnology College, Shenyang Agricultural University
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