Abrahamson WG: Reproductive strategies in dewberries. Ecology 1975, 56: 721–726. doi:10.2307/1935508
Article
Google Scholar
Abrams MD: Effects of prescribed fire on woody vegetation in a gallery forest understory in northeastern Kansas. Trans Kans Acad Sci 1988, 91: 63–70. 10.2307/3628339
Article
Google Scholar
Agee JK: Fire ecology of Pacific Northwest Forests. Island Press, Washington DC; 1993.
Google Scholar
Aleksoff KC (1999) Symphoricarpos Oreophilus. In: Fire Effects Information System. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Accessed 30 Dec 2013 http://www.feis-crs.org/beta/
Anderson ML, Bailey AW: Effect of fire on a Symphoricarpos occidentalis shrub community in central Alberta. Can J Bot 1979, 57: 2819–2823. doi:10.1139/b79–334
Article
Google Scholar
Ansley RJ, Rasmussen GA: Managing native invasive Juniper species using fire. Weed Technol 2005, 19: 517–522. doi:10.1614/WT-04–098R1.1
Article
Google Scholar
Ansley RJ, Pinchak WE, Teague WR, Kramp BA, Jones DL, Barnett K: Integrating grazing and prescribed fire restoration strategies in a mesquite savannah: II. Fire behavior and mesquite landscape cover responses. Range Ecol Manage 2010, 63: 286–297. doi:10.2111/08–172.1
Article
Google Scholar
Bartos DL, Mueggler WF: Early succession following clearcutting of aspen communities in Northern Utah. J Range Manage 1982, 35: 764–768. doi:10.2307/3898260
Article
Google Scholar
Bellingham PJ, Sparrow AD: Resprouting as a life history strategy in woody plant communities. Oikos 2000, 89: 409–416. doi:10.1034/j.1600–0706.2000.890224.x
Article
Google Scholar
Bond WJ, Midgley JJ: The evolutionary ecology of sprouting in woody plants. Int J Plant Sci 2003, 164: S103-S114. doi:10.1086/374191
Article
Google Scholar
Bond WJ, Van Wilgen BW: Fire and plants, Population and Community Biology Series 14. Springer, Netherlands; 1996.
Google Scholar
Bragg TB, Hulbert LC: Woody plant invasion of unburned Kansas bluestem prairie. J Range Manage 1974, 29: 19–23. doi:10.2307/3897682
Article
Google Scholar
Brennan LA: How can we reverse the northern bobwhite population decline? Wildlife Soc B 1991, 19: 544–555.
Google Scholar
Briggs JM, Knapp AK, Blair JM, Heisler JL, Hoch GA, Lett MS, McCarron JK: An ecosystem in transition: causes and consequences of the conversion of mesic grassland to shrubland. Bioscience 2005, 55: 243–254. doi:10.1641/0006–3568(2005)055[0243:AEITCA]2.0.CO;2
Article
Google Scholar
Burrows ND: Patch-burning desert nature reserves in Western Australia using aircraft. Int J Wildl Fire 1991, 1: 49–55. 10.1071/WF9910049
Article
Google Scholar
Canadell J, Lloret F, López-Soria L: Resprouting vigour of two Mediterranean shrub species after experimental fire treatments. Vegetatio 1991, 95: 119–126. doi:10.1007/BF00045210
Google Scholar
Clark JS: Disturbance and tree life history on the shifting mosaic landscape. Ecology 1991, 72: 1102–1118. doi:10.2307/1940609
Article
Google Scholar
Collins SL: Fire frequency and community heterogeneity in tallgrass prairie vegetation. Ecology 1992, 73: 2001–2006. doi:10.2307/1941450
Article
Google Scholar
Collins SL: Disturbance frequency and community stability in native tallgrass prairie. Amer Nat 2000, 155: 311–325. doi:10.1086/303326
Article
Google Scholar
Collins SL, Adams DE: Succession in grasslands. Thirty-two years of change in a central Oklahoma tallgrass prairie. Vegetatio 1983, 51: 181–190. doi:10.1007/BF00129437
Article
Google Scholar
de Groot WJ, Wein RW: Effects of fire severity and season of burn on Betula glandulosa growth dynamics. Int J Wildland Fire 2004, 13: 287–295. doi:10.1071/WF03048
Article
Google Scholar
Deb CR, Pongener A: Studies on the in vitro regenerative competence of aerial roots of two horticultural important Cymbidium species. J Plant Biochem Biot 2012, 21: 235–241. doi:10.1007/s13562–011–0099–5
Article
Google Scholar
Debinski DM, Moranz RA, Delaney JR, Miller JR, Engle DM, Winkler LB, McGranahan DA, Barney RJ, Trager JC, Stephenson AL, Gillespie MK: A cross-taxonomic comparison of insect responses to grassland management and land-use legacies. Ecosphere 2011, 2: 1–16. doi:10.1890/ES11–00226.1
Article
Google Scholar
Defelice MS: Buckbrush ( Symphoricarpos orbiculatus ) control in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) pastures. Weed Technol 1991, 5: 841–844.
CAS
Google Scholar
Doumas SL, Koprowski JL: Effect of heterogeneity in burn severity on Mexican fox squirrels following the return of fire. Int J Wildland Fire 2012, 22: 405–413. doi:10.1071/WF12046
Article
Google Scholar
Drewa PB: Effects of fire season and intensity on Prosopis glandulosa Torr. var. glandulosa . Int J Wildland Fire 2003, 12: 147–157. doi:10.1071/WF02021
Article
Google Scholar
Enright NJ, Goldblum D: Demography of a non-sprouting and resprouting Hakea species (Proteaceae) in fire-prone Eucalyptus woodlands of southeastern Australia in relation to stand age, drought and disease. Plant Ecol 1999, 144: 71–82. doi:10.1023/A:1009839800864
Article
Google Scholar
Fuhlendorf SD, Engle DM: Restoring heterogeneity on rangelands: ecosystem management based on evolutionary grazing patterns. Bioscience 2001, 51: 625–632. doi:10.1641/0006–3568(2001)051[0625:RHOREM]2.0.CO;2
Article
Google Scholar
Gratani L, Amadori M: Post-fire resprouting of shrubby species in Mediterranean maquis. Vegetatio 1991, 96: 137–143. doi:10.1007/BF00044975
Article
Google Scholar
Guthery FS: Bobwhites and brush control. Rangelands 1980, 2: 202–204.
Google Scholar
Hajny KM, Hartnett DC, Wilson GW: Rhus glabra response to season and intensity of fire in tallgrass prairie. Int J Wildland Fire 2011, 20: 709–720. doi:10.1071/WF09127
Article
Google Scholar
Harrell WC, Fuhlendorf SD, Bidwell TG: Effects of prescribed fire on sand shinnery oak communities. J Range Manage 2001, 54: 685–690. doi:10.2307/4003672
Article
Google Scholar
Hartmann HT, Kester DE: Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices. 3rd edition. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey; 1975.
Google Scholar
Hauser AS (2007) Symphoricarpos Occidentalis. In: Fire Effects Information System. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Accessed 30 Dec 2013 http://www.feis-crs.org/beta/
Hidayati SN, Basakin JM, Baskin CC: Dormancy-breaking and germination requirements for seeds of Symphoricarpos orbiculatus (Caprifoliaceae). Am J Bot 2001, 88: 1444–1451. doi:10.2307/3558452
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Higgins SI, Pickett ST, Bond WJ: Predicting extinction risks for plants: environmental stochasticity can save declining populations. Trends Ecol Evol 2000, 15: 516–520. doi:10.1016/S0169–5347(00)01993–5
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hodgkinson KC: Sprouting success of shrubs after fire: height-dependent relationships for different strategies. Oecologia 1998, 115: 64–72. doi:10.1007/s004420050492
Article
Google Scholar
Holechek JL, Pieper RD, Herbel CH: Range Management: Principles and Practices. 4th edition. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey; 2001.
Google Scholar
Hulbert LC: Fire effects on tallgrass prairie. In Proceedings of the 9th North American Prairie Conference. Moorehead University, Moorehead; 1984.
Google Scholar
Hullick CJ, Manske LL (2006) Evaluation of Western Snowberry Management Practices: A Study and Demonstration. In: North Dakota State University Archives. Accessed 30 Apr 2014 http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/archive/dickinso/research/2005/range05f.htm
SAS Institute (2011) SAS data integration studio 4.3: user's guide. SAS institute, North Carolina
Iowa Environmental Mesonet (2014) IEM climodat for Mt. Ayr. In: Iowa Mesonet Station, Iowa State University. Accessed 20 Feb 2014 http://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/climodat/
Iwasa YOH, Kubo T: Optimal size of storage for recovery after unpredictable disturbances. Evol Ecol 1997, 11: 41–65. doi:10.1023/A:1018483429029
Article
Google Scholar
Kennedy AD, Potgieter ALF: Fire season affects size and architecture of Colophospermum mopane in southern African savannas. Plant Ecol 2003, 167: 179–192. doi:10.1023/A:1023964815201
Article
Google Scholar
Kerby JD, Fuhlendorf SD, Engle DM: Landscape heterogeneity and fire behavior: scale-dependent feedback between fire and grazing processes. Landscape Ecol 2007, 22: 507–516. doi:10.1007/s10980–006–9039–5
Article
Google Scholar
Knapp EE, Schwilk DW, Kane JM, Keeley JE: Role of burning season on initial understory vegetation response to prescribed fire in a mixed conifer forest. Can J Forest Res 2006, 37: 11–22. doi:10.1139/x06–200
Article
Google Scholar
Korschgen LJ: Foods of Missouri deer, with some management implications. J Wildlife Manage 1962, 26: 164–172. doi:10.2307/3798598
Article
Google Scholar
Kruger LM, Midgley JJ, Cowling RM: Resprouters vs reseeders in South African forest trees; a model based on forest canopy height. Funct Ecol 1997, 11: 101–105. doi:10.1046/j.1365–2435.1997.00064.x
Article
Google Scholar
Lantz TC, Antos JA: Clonal expansion in the deciduous understory shrub, devil's club ( Oplopanax horridus ; Araliaceae). Can J Bot 2002, 80: 1052–1062. doi:10.1139/b02–095
Article
Google Scholar
McGranahan DA, Engle DM, Fuhlendorf SD, Miller JR, Debinski DM: An invasive cool-season grass complicates prescribed fire management in a native warm-season grassland. Nat Area J 2012, 32: 208–214. doi:10.3375/043.032.0214
Article
Google Scholar
McLean A: Fire resistance of forest species as influenced by root systems. J Range Manage 1969, 22: 120–122. doi:10.2307/3896195
Article
Google Scholar
McWilliams J (2000) Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Accessed 30 December 2013 http://www.feis-crs.org/beta/
McWilliams JD (2005) Symphoricarpos Longiflorus. In: Fire Effects Information System. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Accessed 30 Dec 2013 http://www.feis-crs.org/beta/
Midgley JJ: Why the world's vegetation is not totally dominated by resprouting plants; because resprouters are shorter than reseeders. Ecography 1996, 19: 92–95. doi:10.1111/j.1600–0587.1996.tb00159.x
Article
Google Scholar
Miller WB (1964) An Ecological Study of the Mountain Mahogany Community. Laramie: Thesis, University of Wyoming.
Missouri Department of Conservation (2010) Grand River Grasslands, Conservation Opportunity Area. In: Missouri Department of Conservation Wildlife Division. Accessed 30 Dec 2013 http://mdc.mo.gov/node/9822
Morgan P, Neuenschwander LF: Seed-bank contributions to regeneration of shrub species after clear-cutting and burning. Can J Bot 1988, 66: 169–172. doi:10.1139/b88–026
Article
Google Scholar
Nesmith JC, Hibbs DE, Shatford JP: Clonal growth patterns of creeping snowberry ( Symphoricarpos hesperius GN Jones) and trailing blackberry ( Rubus ursinus Cham. and Schlecht) in the western foothills of the Cascade Mountains, Oregon. Northwest Sci 2006, 80: 274–282.
Google Scholar
NOAA (2014) Climate at a Glance, Time Series. In: National Climatic Data Center, National Oceanic, and Atmospheric Administration. Accessed 29 Sep 2014 http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/
O'Dea ME, Zasada JC, Tappeiner JC: Vine maple clone growth and reproduction in managed and unmanaged coastal Oregon Douglas-fir forests. Ecol Appl 1995, 5: 63–73. doi:10.2307/1942052
Article
Google Scholar
Olson MS, Platt WJ: Effects of habitat and growing season fires on resprouting of shrubs in longleaf pine savannas. Vegetatio 1995, 119: 101–118. doi:10.1007/BF00045593
Article
Google Scholar
Pelton J: Studies on the life-history of Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook., in Minnesota. Ecol Monogr 1953, 23: 17–39. doi:10.2307/1943518
Article
Google Scholar
USDA Plant Database (2013) Symphoricarpos orbiculatus. In: US Department of Agriculture. https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SYOR Accessed 30 Apr 2014
Poreda SF, Wullstein LH: Vegetation recovery following fire in an oakbrush vegetation mosaic. West N Am Nat 1994, 54: 380–383.
Google Scholar
Pyne SJ: America's Fires. Forest History Society, Durham; 1997.
Google Scholar
Rocca ME: Fine-scale patchiness in fuel load can influence initial post-fire understory composition in a mixed conifer forest, Sequoia National Park, California. Nat Area J 2009, 29: 126–132. doi:10.3375/043.029.0204
Article
Google Scholar
Romo JT, Grilz PL, Redmann RE, Driver EA: Standing crop, biomass allocation patterns and soil-plant water relations in Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. following autumn or spring burning. Am Midl Nat 1993, 130: 106–115. doi:10.2307/2426279
Article
Google Scholar
Samson F, Knopf F: Prairie conservation in North America. Bioscience 1994, 44: 418–421. doi:10.2307/1312365
Article
Google Scholar
Samson FB, Knopf FL, Ostlie WR: Great Plains ecosystems: past, present, and future. Wildlife Soc B 2004, 32: 6–15. doi:10.2193/0091–7648(2004)32[6:GPEPPA]2.0.CO;2
Article
Google Scholar
Scasta JD (2014) Implications of Pyric Herbivory For Grassland Ecology, Management and Production. Stillwater: Dissertation, Oklahoma State University.
Shortt KB, Vamosi SM: A review of the biology of the weedy Siberian peashrub Caragana arborescens , with an emphasis on its potential effects in North America. Bot Stud 2012, 53: 1–8.
Google Scholar
Smith L (1977) The Allelopathic Potential of Symphoricarpos orbiculatus in the Kansas Tall Grass Prairie. Emporia: Thesis, Emporia State University. Smith L (1977) The Allelopathic Potential of Symphoricarpos orbiculatus in the Kansas Tall Grass Prairie. Emporia: Thesis, Emporia State University.
Snyder SA (1991) Symphoricarpos mollis. In: Fire Effects Information System. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Accessed 30 Dec 2013 http://www.feis-crs.org/beta/
Soper RB, Lochmiller RL, Leslie DM, Engle DM: Nutritional quality of browse after brush management on cross timbers rangeland. J Range Manage 1993, 46: 399–410. doi:10.2307/4002657
Article
Google Scholar
Stubbendieck JL, Coffin MJ, Landholt LM: Weeds of the Great Plains. Nebraska Department of Agriculture Bureau of Plant Industry, Nebraska; 2003.
Google Scholar
Theis N, Donoghue MJ, Li J: Phylogenetics of the Caprifolieae and Lonicera (Dipscales) based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences. Syst Bot 2008, 33(4):776–783. 10.1600/036364408786500163
Article
Google Scholar
USDA NRCS (2013) Iowa soil regions. In: US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service. Accessed 30 Apr 2014 http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_006361.pdf
Wang SYS, Barandiaran D, Hilburn K, Houser P, Oglesby B, Pan M, Pinker R, Santanello J, Schubert S, Wang H, Gillies R: Could the 2012 drought in the central US have been anticipated? A review of the NASA working group research. J Earth Sci Eng 2014, 4: 428–437.
Google Scholar
Wells PV: The relation between mode of reproduction and extent of speciation in woody genera of the California chaparral. Evolution 1969, 23: 264–267. doi:10.2307/2406790
Article
Google Scholar
Westman WE, O'Leary JF: Measures of resilience: the response of coastal sage scrub to fire. Vegetatio 1986, 65: 179–189. doi:10.1007/BF00044818
Article
Google Scholar
Winter SL, Fuhlendorf SD, Goad CL, Davis CA, Hickman KR, Leslie DM: Fire tolerance of a resprouting Artemisia (Asteraceae) shrub. Plant Ecol 2011, 212: 2085–2094. doi:10.1007/s11258–011–9975–2
Article
Google Scholar
Youngblood A, Metlen KL, Coe K: Changes in stand structure and composition after restoration treatments in low elevation dry forests of northeastern Oregon. Forest Ecol Manag 2006, 234: 143–163. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.06.033
Article
Google Scholar
Zhang JT, Zhang F: Diversity and composition of plant functional groups in mountain forests of the Lishan Nature Reserve, North China. Bot Stud 2007, 48: 339–348.
Google Scholar